Przesłuchanie
Rok: 1982
Premiera: 1989. 12. 13
Gatunek: Film psychologiczny, Film polityczny
Produkcja: Polska
Dane techniczne: Barwny. 3196 m. 111 min.
W realizacji filmu pomogli również: Joanna Bongiovanni, Duncan Dallas, Carl Ginsburg, Edward Harris, Miranda McLeod, Alvin Sargent, Jack Slater, Beth Sunflower, Katharina Svensson, Joan Tawkesbury, Renee Vollen, Lawrence Weschler.
Opis: Film-legenda, określony przez władze jako „najbardziej antykomunistyczny film w historii PRL”, i stał się bezpośrednią przyczyną rozwiązania zespołu „X” Andrzeja Wajdy. Rok po jego nakręceniu Ryszard Bugajski wyjechał z Polski. Premiera miała miejsce dopiero w roku 1989 na Festiwalu Polskich Filmów Fabularnych w Gdyni i wówczas „Przesłuchanie” otrzymało nagrodę dziennikarzy i publiczności. Uhonorowano również aktorów – Nagrodą dla Krystyny Jandy na MFF w Cannes (1990) i Nagrodą Specjalną Jury „Złote Lwy Gdańskie” dla Krystyny Jandy, Janusza Gajosa i Anny Romantowskiej, na FPFF w Gdyni (1990). Scenariusz filmu opublikowany został w roku 1981 w „Dialogu”, jednak reżyser realizując go zrezygnował z całego wątku współczesnego i skoncentrował się na pobycie bohaterki w więzieniu. W jednym z wywiadów Bugajski powiedział: „Przesłuchanie” to był mój manifest. Pokazałem tam mój stosunek do rzeczywistości, która mnie otaczała przez większą część życia, a która tak dalece odbiegała od moich potrzeb, od moich wyobrażeń o tym, jak powinno być. (…) Mój film jest manifestem człowieka, który chce być wolny bez względu na cenę, jaką musi zapłacić. Nie sądzę, żeby był to film możliwy do zrobienia tylko w Polsce. Walka o wolność indywidualną jest wszędzie, tyle że w demokratycznych krajach nie przybiera ona tak drastycznych form.” Początek lat pięćdziesiątych. Antonia Dziwisz, jeździ z zespołem po kraju, dając występy przed robotniczą i wiejską publicznością. Podczas jednego z wieczorów, krótko po kłótni z mężem, Konstantym, Tonia zostaje upita w restauracji przez dwóch mężczyzn, a następnie przewieziona do więzienia. Zaczyna się długotrwałe, beznadziejne przesłuchanie Toni. Żądają od niej zeznań obciążających majora Olchę, kolegę z zespołu. Major „Kąpielowy” oznajmia, że Olcha jest oskarżony o zdradę ojczyzny i szpiegostwo, próbuje biciem i torturami zmusić Tonię do podpisania zeznań obciążających majora Olchę. Dziewczyna nie poddaje się. Zostaje zaprowadzona do karceru zapełnionego wodą. W ostatniej chwili przed utopieniem strażnicy wyciągają Tonię zza kraty. „Kąpielowy” rozkazuje Toni rozebrać się do naga, szantażuje, że ją zastrzeli. Dochodzi do spotkania z Konstantym. Wcześniej pokazano mu zeznania Toni, w których przyznała się do zdrady męża. Konstanty zapowiada sprawę rozwodową. Tonia próbuje popełnić samobójstwo, przegryzając sobie żyły. Wigilia. Porucznik Morawski, który przesłuchiwał Tonię na zmianę z „Kąpielowym”, składa Toni życzenia, dochodzi do zbliżenia. Tonia zachodzi w ciążę. Obiecuje zachować w sekrecie, kto jest ojcem dziecka. Od Morawskiego dowiaduje się, że Olcha został rozstrzelany. Tonia rodzi córeczkę, którą po kilku miesiącach jej odbierają. Po śmierci Stalina Tonia zostaje zwolniona. Morawski popełnił samobójstwo. Tonia po wyjściu z więzienia, odbiera córeczkę z sierocińca i idzie do domu.
Reżyseria: Ryszard Bugajski
Współpraca reżyserska: Hanna Hartowicz, Wojciech Pasternak , Krzysztof Magowski ,Małgorzata Zaliwska
Scenariusz: Ryszard Bugajski
Współpraca scenariuszowa: Janusz Dymek
Zdjęcia: Jacek Petrycki
Współpraca operatorska: Roman Miastowski , Witold Łucyk , Piotr Obłoza
Scenografia: Janusz Sosnowski
Współpraca scenograficzna: Edward Papierski , Magdalena Dipont , Jan Szwagrzyk
Kostiumy: Jolanta Jackowska
Współpraca kostiumograficzna: Jolanta Generalczyk
Konsultacja muzyczna: Agnieszka Hundziak
Dźwięk: Danuta Zankowska
Współpraca dźwiękowa: Tadeusz Wosiński
Montaż: Katarzyna Maciejko
Współpraca montażowa: Jacek Pałubiński
Charakteryzacja: Helena Matejska
Współpraca charakteryzatorska: Barbara Jastrzębska , Jolanta Rebryk
Konsultacja: Maria Turlejska (historyczna),Wanda Podgórska (historyczna)
Kierownictwo produkcji: Tadeusz Drewno
Współpraca produkcyjna: Halina Cichomska , Wojciech Danowski , Halina Słobodzin , Robert Lipiński , Zbigniew Żmigrodzki , Jadwiga Chynowska
Produkcja: Zespół Filmowy X
Atelier: Wytwórnia Filmów Dokumentalnych (Warszawa)
Laboratorium: Wytwórnia Filmów Dokumentalnych (Warszawa)
Obsada aktorska: Krystyna Janda(Antonina Dziwisz), Adam Ferency (Tadeusz Morawski), Janusz Gajos (major „Kąpielowy”), Agnieszka Holland(Witkowska), Anna Romantowska (Mira Szajnert), Bożena Dykiel (chłopka Honorata), Olgierd Łukaszewicz (Konstanty, mąż Antoniny), Tomasz Dedek (ubek „Czesiek” aresztujący Antoninę), Jan Jurewicz (strażnik), Jarosław Kopaczewski(ubek aresztujący Antoninę), Zofia Bałucka ,Arkadiusz Bazak (oficer na imieninach),Krzysztof Gosztyła , Antonina Girycz(więźniarka, „starsza” celi), O Jasińska ,Tomasz Lengren (Kazimierz Olcha),Katarzyna Łaniewska (kierowniczka domu dziecka), Kazimierz Meres (oficer na imieninach), Wiesława Mazurkiewicz(strażniczka), Marlena Miarczyńska , Anna Mozolanka , Jerzy Zass , Jacek Borkowski(strażnik „wykonujący” wyrok śmierci na Antoninie; nie występuje w czołówce),Hanna Mikuć (kobieta w szpitalu więziennym; nie występuje w czołówce),Jerzy Moes (aktor; nie występuje w czołówce)
Nagrody
1989 Ryszard Bugajski Don Kichot (Nagroda PF DKF)
1989 Ryszard Bugajski Łagów (LLF)-Złote Grono
1989 Krystyna Janda Gdynia (do 1986 Gdańsk) (FPFF)-nagroda Fundacji Kultury Polskiej
1989 Ryszard Bugajski Gdynia (do 1986 Gdańsk) (FPFF)-nagroda dziennikarzy
1989 Ryszard Bugajski Gdynia (do 1986 Gdańsk) (FPFF)-nagroda Publiczności (od r. 1995 „Złoty Klakier” – nagroda Radia Gdańsk)
1990 Ryszard Bugajski Złota Kaczka (przyznawana przez pismo „Film”) w kategorii: najlepszy film polski; za rok 1989
1990 Krystyna Janda Cannes (MFF)-Nagroda Jury za najlepszą rolę kobiecą
1990 Gdynia (do 1986 Gdańsk) (FPFF)-nominacja do nagrody za najlepszy film
1990 Ryszard Bugajski Gdynia (do 1986 Gdańsk) (FPFF)-Nagroda Specjalna Jury
1990 Krystyna Janda Gdynia (do 1986 Gdańsk) (FPFF)-nagroda za pierwszoplanową rolę kobiecą
1990 Janusz Gajos Gdynia (do 1986 Gdańsk) (FPFF)-nagroda za pierwszoplanową rolę męską
1990 Krystyna Janda Gdynia (do 1986 Gdańsk) (FPFF)-nominacja do nagrody za pierwszoplanową rolę kobiecą
1990 Anna Romantowska Gdynia (do 1986 Gdańsk) (FPFF)-nagroda za drugoplanową rolę kobiecą
1990 Ryszard Bugajski Chicago (MFF)-„Srebrny Hugo”
1991 Krystyna Janda Belgrad (BESEF)-nagroda za rolę kobiecą
1991 Ryszard Bugajski Belgrad (BESEF)-nagroda FIPRESCI
Piosenka: PIOSENKA O MOJEJ WARSZAWIE
Muzyka piosenki (-nek): A. Harris
Słowa piosenki (-nek): A. Harris
Piosenka: ZGADNIJ KOTKU
Muzyka piosenki (-nek): Jerzy Satanowski
Słowa piosenki (-nek): Jacek Janczarski
Piosenka: WESOŁY LONGINEK
Muzyka piosenki (-nek): I Bogajewicz
Piosenka: ADA, TO NIE WYPADA
Muzyka piosenki (-nek): Zygmunt Wiehler
Słowa piosenki (-nek): Jerzy Jurandot
Piosenka: JAK W SERENADZIE
Muzyka piosenki (-nek): A. Buzuk
Piosenka: KOŁYSANKA
Muzyka piosenki (-nek): Danuta Zankowska-Marucha
_____________________
Woman of Marble
AN INTERVIEW WITH KRYSTYNA JANDA
by Michael Szporer
CINEASTE, Vol.XVIII, Nr 3 z 1991r.
Krystyna Janda is one of the leading Polish actresses of her generation. Born in Starachowice in 1952, she studied at the College of Drama in Warsaw, and made her remarkable film debut in Andrzej Wajda`s Man of Marble (1977), one of the most signyicant films made in postwar Europe. As Agnieszka, a student at the film academy who brooks no obstacles in her determination to complete a documentary on a Stakhanovite hero of the Fifties, no matter what unpleasant historical truths it may expose. Janda forged a gutsy, independent new model for screen actresses, with critics dubbing her the “Woman of Marble.” Alternating between film and theatre work, Janda made subsequent appearances in three other films directed by Wajda – Without Anesthesia (1978). The Conductor (1979), and Man of Iron (1981) – as well as Istvan Szabo’s Academy Award-winning Mephisto (1981). For her powerful performance in Ryszard Bugajski`s Interrogation as a falsely imprisoned cabaret singer who resists Stalinist terror (see review in Cineaste. Vol. XVII. No. 4), Janda won the Best Actress award at last year`s
Cannes Film Festival.
Cineaste: Your screen roles have made you into a symbol of the rebellious generation that signaled the beginning of the end of the Soviet empire. I suspect that with this image comes a good deal of responsibility to the public. especially now in the new Poland.
Krystyna Janda: Times have changed. Of course. I cannot spoil the image which Andrzej Wajda has created and I still have to be careful about what I play, what I say, and with whom I work. In this respect. I have to act responsibly. I wouldn`t want to destroy that image because it would simply be a shame. On the other hand. I can now develop creatively in other directions. I can play comic roles, perhaps even in comedies about martial law. I can relax a bit and laugh. I can play roles like the one in the TV mini-series Modrzejewska or be completely apolitical as in the role of Giselle in Two for the Seesaw. Before I rejected many roles, even roles which, as an actress. I really longed to play, simply because I had to live up to my image.
I think I`m a `natural` when it comes to acting and occasionally I regretted holding back. There were times when I yearned to walk down the aisle in feathers with the other show girls, or to sing, or to play something totally stupid. People proposed excellent roles for me that were not my `type` and I had no choice but to reject them.
I also had to watch what I said in public and even in private. When I made a TV appearance, I had to be very careful. Even when I went out in Warsaw or said something at a private party, I ran the risk of being called in and interrogated. This actually did happen to me once after I told a couple of jokes about the ZOMO [paramilitary police units-M.S.] at a party. But living up to my screen image was actually quite uplifting: it wasn‘t like I sinned. Now I am still careful. Please don`t misunderstand me. I`m willing to put my own signature to anything I’ve said. I never said anything I didn`t agree with. But now I can also be an actress in the wider sense of the word. I can play negative roles, or permit myself to splurge a little.
Cineaste: You have been called not only the icon of Solidarity but also of the emerging feminist consciousness in Eastern Europe. What makes your roles really attractive is this feminist sensibility which is really quite unprecedented in Polish film. You play very decisive women fighting not for some stereotypical set of values but for a deeply human individualism. You play strong, determined, independent-minded, and, above all, thinking women. How do you see your energetic activism on the screen as reflecting what Polish women today think?
Janda: I really believe that this strength of character comes from our tradition. ln our literature or other forms of cultural expression, women are much stronger than men. The woman in her role as the mother figure is certainly cherished. In contrast, all our Romantic male heroes fail. They have their weaknesses – they want to kill the tsar but catch fever, Kordian, Konrad, Gustaw – they are all weaklings. These men have terrible doubts and problems. The women, even though they don`t play principal roles, are really the ones who endure, who wait, who suffer, who really make do under trying circumstances. Women are marginal but strong. There are no winners in our tradition as far as the hero is concerned but the women hold their own.
I`ll tell you a funny story about my positive role. When Andrzej Wajda first gave me the part in Man ofMarble, he told me that in whatever I do, I had to enchant, anger, or Irritate, because I had to carry half the film. And about my being up-to-date-several days later, he said, „Damnit, Americans are making films with just men. What the hell am I doing working with a woman? Can you do it like a man?” And I said, „I’d be happy to,” That joke started the ball rolling. I suspect at some point Andrzej realized that I behaved on the screen without much thought; I acted on impulse, by instinct, because I knew such girls in my crowd. I blew them out of proportion a little but the role was real. It took awhile. but Andrzej sensed that aggression. that self-confidence, that dynamism and that fortitude as an expression of new thinking, and he understood that there was a chance to show this emerging ethos on the screen. He told me that my role should announce to the world: „Watch out. here comes a generation that will not only open doors which were closed for so long. It will force them off their hingers.” And he was absolutely right because my age group created Solidarity. He deliberately exploited my behavior and my personality to forge a new idea.
No woman before acted like that in our films; such a role never existed. In Man of Marble, there is not a single moment when I am self-involved. Aside from a brief scene with my father when I express some personal doubts, I don`t think about myself. I`m always forging ahead, attacking the matter at hand, pursuing an idea, taking care of someone else. I move forward. I make the decisions. This determination was a real innovation. Until Man of Marble, women in our films were flowers to look at and admire. They just floated across the screen and really didn`t hold power.
They were self – involved, not other – involved. I really have to credit Andrzej with validating that determined woman who was in me – for telling me that`s how it really ought to be.
And then, it was sheer luck that Ryszard Bugajski wrote a scenario that explored this positive figure from a woman’s point of view. Immediately after reading it, I realized I had the opportunity to create a hero that was virtually nonexistent could not be beaten – the totalitarian system. Tonia triumphs by very simple means – by sticking to her testimony and her personal dignity. Nothing more than that. I understood I could show everyone in the audience that even they could beat it. Of course, many people watching probably went through far worse and many of them were bigger heroes than Tonia. Neither Bugajski nor I were really exaggerating – I had the right to play that girl for them, to give them hope, especially the young.
The young have absolutely no idea. They take E.T. as truth but they come out of Interrogation saying. „No, this couldn`t be. This isn`t true.” They can`t believe that such Things, or far worse, actually happened. The younger generation doesn`t understand or want to know that that`s how it was in the old police state. This is why Ryszard`s film was so important to us and why I had to create a role which would reach even the fourteen-year-olds. That`s why the film has certain hues that seem improbable to those who lived through it. But we were making the film with the new generation in mind – to get to them. I had been told that if this role was played by an older actress who remembered the times or lived through them, she would not have been able to bring herselfto such displays of triumph, to be so clear – cut in this particular role. It had to be done by a different generation. So we return to the point we discussed earlier – that only my generation could slap the face of the system and throw things out into the open. The older generation was much too self – conscious and carried too much pain inside. So everything hinged on a character who was drastic, who followed through on her actions, who had optimism, who was above all effective and clear about where to go and what to do, who could not be distracted and would never look back.
Cineaste: Do I detect a deep ferninization in this emerging vision, an antipatriarchial quality that accompanies antitotalitarian thinking?
Janda: Sure, in retrospect, but was it really intended? If they found a man like that, they probably would have used him. But such a man didn`t exist.
Cineaste: Interrogation really is afilm about women. Do you think Bugajski has a special interest in the concerns of women?
Janda: Yes, this is very unusual. There are few directors who can take the womans point of view. Films are mostly made by men and about men.
Cineaste: You play strong, unbreakable women. Nonetheless, when one contrasts Agnieszka of Man of Marble and Man of Iron with Toni of lnterrogation, they are very different women. One is an intellectual who looks for her roots, who uncovers the secret history of her nation.
The other is a rather ordinary woman who does not allow herself to be broken and struggles for her dignity without giving it much thought. She is not fighting for everyone, only for herself. The film has very little to do with ideology. Which of these roles is closer to you personally, which came more naturally?
Janda: It`s very difficult for me to respond to this question. I think that Agnieszka was closer to me at the time because I couldn’t play or construct anything other than what I understood and knew, and my knowledge of the Fifties then matched Agnieszka’s – zilch! I learned as I learned the role. The heroine of Interrogation came after
nearly nine years of acting when I was capable of constructing a role and choosing the most effective means to achieve a specific end. Interrogation is really a fantastic idea for a film – starting with a person without any ideas or convictions, who is oblivious of the political system she lives under. That initial innocence really appeals to the spectator. Here is a blank sheet of paper that literally writes itself in front of our eyes. You experience her growing awareness. But Tonia was staged by me. Agnieszka was really me; Tonia was me the actress creating a role.
Cineaste: So you grow with your films… become more of an activist?
Janda: Of course. My development is obvious in Man of Iron, which came four years after Man of Marble. My Agnieszka changed, that is to say, I changed along with Agnieszka. For example. I knew Agnieszka wouldn’t enter the shipyard, I knew that, as a woman. I should stay with the child. We considered for a long time whether I should participate in the strike. And Andrzej said, „No, because now you have to make yourself over into another symbol -the mother who protects the future. Because that`s how it ought to be. And you have to play it like that. This is already the next stage in the historical development.”
Cineaste: And then came Interrogation, another stage in the development.
Janda: Yes, Interrogation looks at the problem in yet another way. That it’s a woman this time makes it easier to tell the story. Using a woman made the experience more painful. If the point of view was of a man, it would have been told differently. A woman enabled us to explore the human frailties and to introduce playfulness into the part that would not have been accepted otherwise: using a woman gave us more flexibility. A man could not have experienced such moments of weakness and maintained audience empathy. Also, the story was really based on the lives of two real women who lived through the Stalinist hell: Tonia Lechmann and Wanda Podgorska, the secretary to Wladyslaw Gomulka [former Communist Party Secretary – M.S.] Mrs. Podgorska, who spent six years in prison, including two in an isolation cell, served as my consultant on the film. She told me what I could and could not do, how impudent I could get and what I could get away with, or how playful and still be tolerated. We had to make sure we documented the film very well because we had to defend everything we did in front a review board. That is why the French reaction at the Cannes festival showing, that the film was unreal, made me angry. It was remarkably factual.
Cineaste: Your key roles have been in films about the Stalinist period. Would you agree that the dwerent ways in which Wajda and Bugajski portray the period
reflect the viewpoints of two dwerent generations? Wajda shows us a slice of history, a bildungsroman of working class consciousness: his approach is more rational, an attempt to fill in historical gaps. Bugajski shows us the fragile, human side of this reality.
Janda: Yes, he proceeds from detail to gestalt. However, one shouldn`t forget that Andrzej ‚s film was really a mile – stone, the first to deal with the Stalinist period. It had to be done that way. It breached a taboo subject. It opened the door for films like Interrogation.
Cineaste: I understand, but that doesn’t take away from the contrast. Bugajski’s film gives us a slice of life of those times: it is really a period piece exploring a human tragedy in a deeply personal way. Do you think the differences in vision can be explained by the generational gap?
Janda: That`s likely. Or perhaps it is Wajda’s personal style. He has a real flair for the social, for being a ‘social activist, a label which in Poland is sometimes used pejoratively. He envisions himself in the role of the teacher of the nation. Ryszard simply made a film about a detail that appealed to him, while Andrzej knew that he was making one of the most important films in the history of our cinema to raise the consciousness of a new generation that had no idea about Stalinism. Fully aware he was dealing with a taboo subject which couldn’t be discussed or written about, Wajda knew he was making history. I suppose you could take it as a generational trait, but I really think Andrzej simply has it in him, that flair for the master – piece. That’s why he made The Wedding, The Shadow Line, The Promised Land – all these films hit a high note.
He likes grand gestures. Ryszard picks up a detail which appeals to him and, if it strikes a deeper chord, that`s another matter. He didn’t make much of it. He was looking at the Fifties from the vantage point of a new generation that looked at it as interesting history. Andrzej thinks in terms of the big picture while Ryszard gets it out of the details. For him the Fifties. nine years after Wajda, was a known quality. He knew he was making a film for people who knew what it was about. Andrzej’s film for my age group was a real eye -opener. He started with the ABCs and taught us letter by letter.
Cineaste: How has making films under the pressure of censorship changed now? Interrogation was one of the first Polish films made without censorship.
Janda: Yes, it was one of two films made without permission from the censor, without submitting the scenario for review, during those eighteen months of anarchy when
we were free to do anything we wanted. And we hurried to finish before the situation changed.
Cineaste: And it was actually edited during martial law.
Janda: When we were making it, I couldn’t believe we were making it. that it was possible to do it. Eighteen months was not a whole lot of time to get used to the idea that it was possible. We thought perhaps we were mistaken. When I look back at this role and review nine years later how I acted (Interrogation was shelved in 1982 and released on December 13. 1989-M.S.), I suspect if I were doing it now, I would reflect on it more. I would construct it more carefully. I know much more now. But then and there, with the growing realization that happened so suddenly – that it was possible to do it – it was a sudden outburst of hate. I gave myself completely over to that brief scream without really reflecting on it.
I guess what I am saying is that I was really a faithful child of that nightmarish system, a good girl who went to that school, watched that television, read those books. attended those military defense classes – who diligently studied Poland, the Fatherland, the road to communism, and so on. Oh, I was such a good student and so carefully indoctrinated. Only a person like that, who comes to a realization what has been done to her, could possibly generate such an outburst of hate. Today, I would try to balance the sides, I would wonder whether it wasn`t too rough, whether it wasn’t too much. At that time. I didn`t think, I simply screamed. We all did. It was as if we found water after being in the desert for twenty years. I remember that we filmed on Sundays, at night, impossible even in Poland. On this film, no one objected, from the lighting engineer to the stand – in. It didn ` t even enter our mind. „On Sunday, hell let it be Sunday!“ Everyone knew we were doing something unprecedented, something never done before. We knew we had to do it as fast as possible and as good as possible. How we used to argue, how we used to yell at each other. By the end, we didn ` t talk normally, we just screamed. Never before in my life had I made a film in such an atmosphere.
Cineaste: Can you imagine a situation where lack of censorship can be detrimental to a film? It has been said that censorship contributes to suggestiveness and symbolic texture. By contrast, Interrogation has none of that. It strikes me that your role in the film was without any make – up and Bugajski `s film is very raw. It has a documentary look.
Janda: There is something to what you say. There was a time when Polish audiences knew that certain subjects were taboo, so, when it was possible to get something past the censor with a wink, it was all the more satisfying. Those who made films and those who watched them were in a conspiracy against a common enemy. For someone looking in from outside, the audience reaction must have seemed puzzling. Everything was based on this esthetic of winking the eye and looking for a deeper meaning. Now this is over; we have to reestablish real norms, but it `s not easy. Several directors told me they are unable to make films without censorship; that thrill of suspense, that added edge of putting somebody in confidence by some oblique means has vanished.
I remember Andrzej Wajda once started making a film about priests and met with an even worse censor in the church [laughs]. So he dropped the project after a week – you can ` t do this and you can ` t do that. It was an excellent idea with something about Solidarity in it. But he reflected: if it was allowed, then there was no reason to make the film. He dropped the project because he realized that only in our sick system would such a film have any real value. A film is made because you can `t make it but , if you could, would it be worthwhile? Many people today have serious problems making films in a world without censorship. We don ` t know how to make other films yet.
Cineaste: For years, artists here have been tn opposition to the regime. This has recently changed. A maverick a dissident, is suddenly „official“ in post – Soviet Poland. What psychological effect has this new order on the artist and her creative abilities? How are you coping with being „establishment“ ? Can you be critical or might it be construed as blasphemy? Do you foresee a cabaret about Walesa in the near future, for example? And does this changing situation bring about new uncertainties a new form of self – censorship or even a new tendentiousness of some other kind?
Janda: You hit on the most perplexing problem confronting the artist in Eastern Europe today. That is, the cabarets are down and nobody really knows what kind of films we ought to be making. No one would dare yet, no one has figured out how to make a comedy about such subjects as martial law, which is what the audience really wants.
The audience is way ahead of the artist. The letters I receive from fans are precisely about that – they want comedy, they want us to laugh at ourselves. Unfortunately, we are still not up to it. Yet it is the first duty of the artist to be in the opposition. But whom to mock? Not the current government they haven ` t had enough time yet; not the old regime, that `s already a low blow. No one knows what to do. I read a lot of scenarios by young people and they either still want to dwell on the Fifites, which nobody wants to see, or on martial law, which everyone has seen, or do science fiction or ballroom dramas and that `s it. They are incapable of doing anything else because they haven ` t gotten used to the new times to telling real stories about real people. I have not read a single scenario recently in which I want to act. Nothing has genuinely moved me. Not one of these scenarios has struck a chord I ` m certain the audience wants to hear. What ` s more, a lot of artists are suddenly in politics. This is a transitional period but I `m really banking on the very young, on those who are just beginning. They will strike that new chord and set a new tone for our cinema. Some hopeful signs are
already there – for example, the young director Marek Koterski who made the film Madhouse and who recently wrote a play, Teeth, a comedy that mocks all our national sacred cows and which no theater is courageous enough to put on. He might be an early swallow before the oncoming storm.
Cineaste: In your opinion, is art in Poland today completely free or is some new ideological hue taking shape? And what about the new economic conditions how will these affect filmmaking’?
Janda: This is a very difficult question since filmmaking here is really being restructured from the ground up. No one is in the position to say what will be its future, or, more concretely, to predict what will happen to the industry when government subsidies run out in 1991. Can film survive without subsidies? The most catastrophic picture of what might happen already exists for writers and poets, since some books will now not be published and some are not even being accepted. No one knows how to finance them. Many theaters are likely to be disbanded and there might be only two or three left in Warsaw. Who will play in them, no one knows. Our situation reminds me of a woman past her prime who is powdering herself and doesn ´ t want to admit she is getting old. Everyone seems to be pretending they don ` t see the writing on the wall. We had time to reorganize but it `s running out. As for the audience, it doesn ` t want to see us as sickIy, poor, ugly, and bad, but as beautiful, rich, and happy. But no one thinks that way yet. I think young directors already understand that if they really want to do something, they will have to go abroad and find money, then come back and shoot their idea here. But then these ideas, these themes, must be international, European in scope. They can `t be narrowly defined by our local problems.
We won awards because we were different. Our cinema until now has been completely involved in our internal problems which the world outside didn `t understand but which we tried to show, sometimes so feverishly and with so much passion which they have long forgotten possible.
Interrogation is a very hot statement which must have been a shocker to anyone looking at it outside of Poland. Even when they raise serious questions, films made in the West are smooth, pretty to look at, and, by comparison, much easier to digest. When Interrogation was shown at Cannes it must have seemed like hysteria, particularly after the collapse of the bloc. No one was quite sure how to take it: whether to dislike it, to be angry, or to take slight offense. Some well – known producers with a number of excellent films to their credit came out of the showing with the habitual, „Thank you for a most enjoyable evening“. No, I don `t expect to always be known for political films. Not all my roles have been political and our situation has changed. But the police state terror was very real and films like Interrogation are not just fairy tales of horror. What we showed wasn `t pretty but it was true.
Michael Szporer `s translation of Ryszard Bugajski `s script for Interrogation appeared in New Orleans Review. Vol. 16 No. 2 (1989). Janda `s latest film to be released in the
U. S., lnterrogation is distributed by Circle Releasing Corporation. 2445 M
Street. N. W., Washington. D. C. 20037. phone (202) 331 – 3838.
Męskim okiem o filmie – ZBUNTOWANA WOBEC STALINIZMU
Jakub Słaby
Chciałbym, abym filmu „Przesluchanie“ Ryszarda Bugajskiego z 1982 roku, z niezapomnianą Krystyną Jandą w roli głównej, nie musiał nikomu przedstawiać. Niestety zdaję sobie sprawę- że wielu ludzi tego obrazu nie zna, co jest wielką stratą, ponieważ żaden podręcznik, wywiad czy książka nie są w stanie tak dobitnie oddać tyranii reżimu stalinowskiej propagandy, jak film Bugajskiego.
„Przesłuchanie“ to historia młodej kobiety, artystki, Antoniny Dziwisz, która zostaje aresztowana i osadzona w więzieniu pomimo swej niewinności tylko po to, aby jej zeznania obciążyły bliskiego przyjaciela. Nie jest to jednak zwyczajna opowieść o dziewczynie, która trafia we więzienne szeregi ani tym bardziej nudny, historyczny dokument. Wydaje się, że postać Antoniny, jej bunt, niezrozumienie i krzyk – początkowo głośny i potężny, a potem coraz bardziej niemy – to obraz całego społeczeństwa polskiego tamtychh lat. Jest to niesamowite studium psychologiczne człowiea wobec komunistycznej propagandy i ubeckich metod.
Film zyskuje na wartości także dlatego, że był krącony „na świeżo“ – ostatni dzień zdjęciowy miał miejsce w przededniu wybuchu stanu wojennego. Nie ulega też wątpliwości, że to dzięki warsztatowi Jandy i cechom jakie nadała postaci Toni – od życiowej radości i witalności, poprzez niezrozumienie i strach, aż do zderzenia z absurdem stalonowskiego zła, film jest tak poruszający.
Sama aktorka wspomina: „Nic w Przesłuchuniu nie jest uduwane. Kiedy rzucają mnie na podłogę w celi – nikt mnie nie oszczędza, kiedy biją w twarz czy leją wodą z węża – to ja a nie dublerka stoję przed kamerą. Chciałam żeby w roli Toni znalazło się wszystko to, co wiem o tym strasznym systemie, co wobec niego czuje. Miał to być film dla ludzi młodych i wiedziałam, że muszę wyposażyć ją w cechy im bliskie, grałam to, co czuli wtedy wszyscy-nienawiść do ustroju.
Choć reżyser był moimi pomysłami przrażony – za dużo wiedział z lektur i wspomnień byłych więźniarek Rakowieckiej. Ja czułam, że widzowie pragnęliby, aby tak właśnie zachowywała się ich bohaterka.
Film został oczywiście zabroniony przez cenzurę i przez kilka lat krążył w obiegu podziemnym – odtwarzany z kaset na tajnych spotkaniach w piwnicach czy kościołach. Określany przez samą władzę, jako „najbardziej antykomunistyczny film w dziejach PRLu”, oficjalną premierę miał dopiero w 1989 roku, po 7 latach od nakręcenia.
Warto wspomnieć, że pomimo iż komunistyczna władza i jej sympatycy po zagraniu w filmie Bugajskiego chcieli Jandę zniszczyć – nazywając bardzo ordynarnymi słowami (per: “a co to za AK-owska k…..a na ekranie?“) – Janda jako druga polska aktorka (pierwszą była Jadwigia Jankowska-Cieślak) za rolę w Przesłuchaniu w 1990 roku otrzymała Złotą Palmę na festiwalu filmowym w Cannes, która jest jedną z najbardziej prestiżwoych nagród w świecie filmowym.
Ja osobiście uważam, że obraz ten powinien na stałe zagościć w kanonie filmów obowiązkowych w szkołach średnich, ponieważ my – młode pokolenie tyle możemy – PAMIĘTAĆ i wyciągnąć wnioski z kart historii, aby już nigdy nie dopuścić nienawiści do głosu.
GS Gazeta Studencka – Bezpłatny Magazyn Studentów Uniwersytetu Opolskiego, kwiecień 2017, nr 07, s.13
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30 lat od premiery „Przesłuchania”. Krystyna Janda: wiedzieliśmy, że na planie są donosiciele
Choć „Przesłuchanie” w reżyserii Ryszarda Bugajskiego, z Krystyną Jandą i Januszem Gajosem w rolach głównych, powstawał na samym początku lat 80., na pierwsze pokazy kinowe poczekać musiał do 1989 r. i transformację ustrojową. Ostatnie sceny filmu, opowieści o kobiecie bez powodu aresztowanej i brutalnie przesłuchiwanej przez UB, kręcono w dniu wprowadzenia w Polsce stanu wojennego. – Domagano się spalenia negatywu, do czego na szczęście nie doszło, i pociągnięcia Andrzeja Wajdy do odpowiedzialności karnej – mówi Onetowi Krystyna Janda.
Piosenkarka kabaretowa Antonina Dziwisz budzi się w więzieniu. Z niewiadomych przyczyn została aresztowana i poddana brutalnemu przesłuchaniu, oskarżona o handel walutą. Śledczy chcą uzyskać od niej zeznania, na podstawie których będą mogli skazać oskarżonego o zdradę ojczyzny mjr Olchę. Współwięźniarki namawiają kobietę do współpracy z władzą. Mimo tortur kobieta nie traci jednak woli walki.
– Temat był najważniejszy. Na mnie największe wrażenie robiło to, że miałam zagrać dziewczynę, która nie wie, w jakim systemie politycznym żyje i nagle zderza się z totalitarną machiną. Reaguje na to jak zwykły, uczciwy człowiek. To było najważniejsze w tym scenariuszu: by tej gigantycznej machinie przeciwstawić taką dziewczynę, która nie nienawidzi, reaguje po ludzku. Miałam dwie konsultantki, kobiety, które spędziły w więzieniach dwa lata. Uwiodło mnie to, że całe życie spędziłam w tym systemie, a teraz przyjdzie mi stanąć naprzeciw niego i reagować na to okrucieństwo i niesprawiedliwość. Uczyć się tego jak być człowiekiem w tak trudnej sytuacji – tłumaczy w rozmowie z Onetem Krystyna Janda, w „Przesłuchaniu” grająca główną bohaterkę.
W filmie wystąpili m.in. Janusz Gajos, Krystyna Janda, Adam Ferency, Agnieszka Holland, Anna Romantowska, Bożena Dykiel, Olgierd Łukaszewicz i Tomasz Lengren. Autorem scenariusza był reżyserujący film Ryszard Bugajski, zdjęć – Jacek Petrycki, a scenografii – Janusz Sosnowski.
– Kręciliśmy w więzieniu przy ulicy Rakowieckiej, część scenografii została zbudowana w wytwórni, ale korytarze były autentyczne. Panowała zima stulecia, a myśmy kręcili w piwnicach nowo budowanego budynku, te sceny tortur, oblewania wodą. Było tylko pierwsze piętro. Woda, niby ciepła, była dowożona cysternami i wlewana w te lodowane piwnice. Warunki, w jakich powstawał ten film były bardzo trudne. Był to jeden z dwóch, obok „Matki Królów” Zaorskiego, powstających w okresie „anarchii” – ośmiu miesięcy przed stanem wojennym – robionych bez cenzury. Wiedzieliśmy, że to może się zaraz skończyć, więc trzeba było pracować szybko – wspomina aktorka.
Obraz wyprodukowało Zespół Filmowy „X”, kierowany przez Andrzeja Wajdę, otrzymał zakaz rozpowszechniania, który obowiązywał aż do 1989 r. Do tego czasu dzieło Bugajskiego dystrybuowane było „partyzancko” na kasetach VHS. Ostatnie zdjęcia nakręcone zostały 17 grudnia 1981 r., już po wprowadzeniu w Polsce stanu wojennego. – Film był pokazywany w kościołach, w domach prywatnych, tajemnych spotkaniach. A nawet nie był pokazywany film, bo ten był wciąż nieskończony, a kopia montażowa bez dźwięku – zaznacza Janda.
– 13 grudnia, gdy ogłoszono stan wojenny, brakowało jednej sceny. Na początku grudnia mieliśmy zdjęcia na Rakowieckiej i opróżniali więzienie. Nikt nie wiedział dlaczego. Wiedzieliśmy, że robimy coś wyjątkowego, za co bierzemy wielką odpowiedzialność. Film był robiony na osobistą odpowiedzialność Andrzeja Wajdy, mieliśmy świadomość, że to on odpowie ewentualnie za jego powstanie – dodaje.
Kolaudacja filmu przebiegła burzliwie. – Reżyser Waśkowski domagał się spalenia negatywu, do czego na szczęście nie doszło, i pociągnięcia Andrzeja Wajdy do odpowiedzialności karnej – wspomina Janda. – Wiedzieliśmy oczywiście, że na planie są donosiciele. Nie było cenzora konkretnie na planie, ale w ekipie musieli być ludzie, którzy zdawali relację z tego, co się dzieje. Właściwie to chyba żaden z filmów „kina moralnego niepokoju” nie był kręcony według złożonego do cenzury scenariusza. Właściwie nie widziałam, co robimy. To, co czytałam w scenariuszu, na ogół miało niewiele wspólnego z tym, co w rezultacie powstawało – zauważa.
Gdy w końcu „Przesłuchanie” zostało pokazane w kinach, obsypano je nagrodami: dziennikarzy i publiczności podczas Festiwalu Polskich Filmów Fabularnych w Gdyni, nagrodami dla Jandy, Gajosa i Romantowskiej, a także nagrodę dla najlepszej aktorki, przyznane Jandzie podczas 43. Międzynarodowego Festiwalu Filmowego w Cannes.
Piotr Jagielski, kultura.onet.pl, 13.12.2019
https://kultura.onet.pl/film/wiadomosci/30-lat-od-premiery-przesluchania-krystyna-janda-wiedzielismy-ze-na-planie-sa/mymme0s
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